Which physiological responses are recognized adverse effects of opioid medications?

• A. Increased heart rate and sweating
• B. Constipation and respiratory depression
• C. Increased appetite and insomnia
• D. Headaches and nausea

Answer: (B)

Opioid medications are effective for pain management, but they can also lead to a variety of adverse physiological responses. The recognized adverse effects include constipation and respiratory depression.

Constipation often occurs because opioids bind to receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, decreasing peristalsis and slowing down bowel movements. This can lead to discomfort and complications if not managed properly. Respiratory depression is another significant concern associated with opioid use; opioids depress the central nervous system, which can reduce the respiratory rate and lead to inadequate breathing. This effect can be particularly dangerous, as it can result in decreased oxygen levels in the body.

Understanding these adverse effects is crucial for safe opioid prescribing and monitoring, as they can have serious implications for patient health.